Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Causes. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). d. both b and c. 2. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). a. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. . He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Add a comment. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. 0. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. 1. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.
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